Machine centred & People centred

http://www.bettscomputers.com/

pages 303-309

People centred systems are designed so that the system fits the users' needs.
[tries to work out what your needs are, and meet your needs]

eg. Google search engine - allows for error and suggests the right input
ATM machine- bank comes to you, friendly user interface (least inconvenience)

Machine-centred system requires the user to serve the needs of the sytem.
-data might have to be in a particular format
-words would have to be spelt correctly
-formatting data and time it has to be entered
-prove identification; retina scan, thumb scanner
-particular location (eg. bank)
[performs a service for you, but may put you at an inconvenience]
eg.Graphics Calculator

Ergonomics is the science of designing the job, equipment and workplace to meet the needs of the worker.

Information Privacy Principles (IPPs)

Privacy Act 1988 regulates 'information privacy'

Information Privacy Principles

The IPPs regulate how Australian and ACT government agencies manage personal information.
They cover how and when personal information can be collected, how it should br used and disclosed, and storage and security. They also allow individuals to acess that information and have it corrected if it is wrong.

IPP 1: manner and purpose of collection
The information must be necessary for the agency's work, and collected fairly and lawfully.

IPP 2: collecting information directly from invididuals
An agency must tell individuals why they are collecting personal information, what laws give them authority to collect it, and to whom they usually disclose it.

IPP 3: collecting information generally
An agency must ensure the personal information it collects is relevant, up-to-date and complete and not collected in an unreasonably intrusive way.

IPP 4: storage and security
Personal information must be stored securely to prevent its loss or misuse.

IPP 5-7: access and amendment
These principles require agencies to take steps to record the type of personal information that they hold and give individuals access to personal info about them. Personal info can be amended or corrected if it is wrong.

IPP 8-10: information use
These principles outline the rules about keeping accurate, complete and up-to-date personal information; using info for a relevant purpose; and only using the info for another purpose in special circumstances, such as with the individual's consent or for some health and safety or law enforcement reasons.

IPP 11: disclosure
This principle sets out when an agency may disclose personal info to someone else, for ex. another agency. This can only be done in special circumstances, such as with the individual's consent or for some health and safety or law enforcement reasons.

Social & Ethical Issues; Presentations

FACEBOOK


Privacy

• you can choose in your account settings who can see what


• some applications require you to to 'Allow' your information to be leaked into foreign systems


• instructs users how to change new privacy settings; update all settings

Security

• Only you can alter the information on you profile and your settings

Data Quality

• Companies have facebook sites, which can used a way of getting feedback from users and advertise products

Health & Safety

• Cyber bullying
• Peer Pressure

Copyright Laws

• refer to the copying of images, videos and music
• facebook policy on intellectual property; breaches of copyright can be reported to facebook

YOUTUBE

Privacy

• If it's on youtube anyone can see it; more than likely it is exposed to the whole world
• You can hide certain personal information

Security of data and info

• People could pretend to be you and upload videos that breach the terms of Youtube, thereby putting the blame on you for THEIR wrongdoing

Accuracy of data and info

• It is not an open system, you can decide what content is judged as inappropriate and it can be removed
• breaching copyright

Changing nature of work

• People become recognised because of hits on videos uploaded on youtube; youtube allows for promotion

• Bypassing the process of connections and meeting people to become famous, by straight away facing the audience via youtube

Copyright Laws

• Videos that don't show any copyright authority are removed immediately
• Copyright organisations are involved in monitoring videos

Ethical Issues- Google Executives & Facebook defaced

If an organisation of info. system is hosting information, are they responsible for the content?

Google Executives jailed in Italy

In Italy, three Google executives have been found guilty and given six month suspended sentences because of a video that shows the mistreatment of a boy with Down Syndrome.

[Reasons and arguments why prosecutors thought google was liable]

Prosecutors argued that Google execs were negligent; not responding to requests to take down the video
Google hosts YouTube, therefore there is a question to are they responsible for the content/

Google's defence- that the execs had nothing to do with the video and that it is almost imopossible to review every single frame in a video to permit it to be uploaded online

Facebook urged to act after memorial sites defaced

Premier of QLD, Anna Bligh, has written a letter to Facebook to review memorial pages on its site after a case of a young girl's memorial page being defaced by certain people.

Tools for transmitting and receiving

Binary digits- 0s and 1s



Serial data transmission- a form of data transmission in which the bits of each character are sent one at a time along a single communication path [one path] eg. mouse, USB- Universal Serial Bus, Internet



Parallel transmission data- a form of data transmission in which the bits of each character are all sent simultaneously, resulting in extrememly fast communication but requiring a communication path for each bit.


[8 paths] eg. some printers with parallel port

• faster, but over longer distances the data goes out of sync and takes a longer time to arrive, therefore serial is preferred over longer distances

Signal Direction



Simplex- data links that allow the data to move in one direction. In a simplex link there is no need for a return data signal [one way communication] eg. radio, traditional free-to-air television



Half Duplex- data links that allow the data to move in both directions, but not at the same time [one way at a time] eg. UHF radio



Full Duplex- (also known as duplex) data links allow the data to move simultaneously in both directions. [Both devices in the link must be able to send and receive at the same time] eg. mobile phones, landline telephones

Synchronous- communication links use agreed times for data to be transmitted and received [happen at the same time- real time] eg. phone calls, skype, text chat, dedicated video conference

Asynchronous- no set time for the data to be transmitted or received [out of time-delayed] eg. text message, e-mails, blogs, forums, podcasts, videoblogs

Useful links: http://learningwithcomputers.pnworks.com/Synchronous-Communication
Google 'examples of synchronous communications csu hsc edu' and open powerpoint

Data Signals

Bandwith- the number of bits moving at any given time

Baud- transmission cycle; every transmission occurs in a cycle or transmissions per cycle; how times per second data(bits) is transmitted

Diagrams of an information systems

A context diagram of an information system shows the situation or environment where it is used, the sources of its inputs and the destinations of its outputs.


A data flow diagram (DFD) shows how data move through an information system; movement of data.
4 components

Example 1

Example 2

Mastery Test Ch.1

Multiple Choice

1. A system is (c) a collection of parts that work together

2. An information system system (a) turns data into information

3. A person who attributes data to an info. system but is not involved in its operation and does not use any info. or data it produces is (c) in the system environment

4. The environment of an information systems (d) describes where it used

5. The info. technology of an information systems is (b) its equipment and instructions

6. A personal info.system (c) is designed for use by individuals

7. Which part of an info. systems will end users find most useful?
(a) data and information

8. Which list contains all the categories that would be needed to adequately describe the role of an info. system?
(c) data/information, purpose. info. processes

9. The participants [eg.web designers, software engineers, data entry operators] in an information system (a) are responsible for its operation

10. A home PC is an example of (d) a generalized info. system

Fill in the blanks

11. A system is a collection of parts that work together to achieve a particular purpose or result

12. All systems have inputs, processes and outputs [IPO diagrams]

13. An information system accepts data as an input and produces information or processed data as an output

14. Every system has a purpose that describes why it is needed and an environment where it is used

15. Information technology is the equipment (hardware) used by an info system and the instructions (software) that control the equipment

16. A participant is anyone who is involved in the operation or running of an info system

17. Info. systems depend on their environment for data

18. An end user is the person who receives the info. produced by an info system

19. The environment is where an info system is used by many different participants

20. A group information systems is used by many different participants
Match the terms

1. G
2. D

3. A

4. F

5. C

6. J

7. A

8. B

9. E

10. H

22. Identify the info technology and participants in a computerised library catalogue/ circulation info system.
-Computer, barcode scanner, books, barcodes, data-entry operator, librarian

23. Explain how new developments in technology have influenced info. systems
- Has caused higher expecation ad greater needs by many individuals
[eg. iPod- music can be accessed anywhere and downloaded at any place provided there is Wi Fi
Netbooks - quick and easy access to internet
Web 2.0- placing applications online, only need of browser to access applications, not necessarily online]

24. Describe how computer-based IT has altered the roles of participants in info. systems
- eliminated tedious tasks
- machines replace humans
- end users become data-entry operators

25. Justify that computer-based info. systems have become a vital point of our lifestyles
- used for various tasks inclding online banking, online shopping, means of communcation and research etc.

26. Contrast the roles of end users in personal and group info. systems
- full control over limited control
- not shared over shared information